雅思阅读题型特征解析之段落大意题
雅思阅读题型特征解析之段落大意题
广州朗阁海外考试研究中心
《孙子·谋攻篇》中说:“知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼,不知己,每战必殆。”对于雅思考试亦是同样的道理,先了解自己的水平,再了解雅思考试所选用文章的特点以及每一种题型的特点,那么在雅思考试中取得高分就是唾手可得的事情了。下面来看广州朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家是怎么样分析雅思考题的特征的,本文将重点分析段落大意题。
段落大意题也叫做“Heading”题,因为在题目中会出现“List of Heading”的字样。此题的特征如下:
特征一:题目出现形式
段落大意题如果在某一篇文章的考题中出现,一定会出现在文章之前,即所谓的“文章未现,段意先行”,这样的安排在于:让考生在读文章之前,通过对每段话段意的阅读,对整篇文章有一个大概的了解。下面看选自剑桥真题7-Test 1的第二篇文章的真题:
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Scientists' call for a revision of policy
ii An explanation for reduced water use
iii How a global challenge was met
iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse
V Environmental effects
vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements
vii The relevance to health
viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations
ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water
x The need to raise standards
xi A description of ancient water supplies
14 Paragraph A
Example Answer
Paragraph B iii
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
18 Paragraph F
19 Paragraph G
20 Paragraph H
大家会发现,文章中的段落序号是“A—H”共8个段落,可题目中却有从“i—xi”共11个段意,这说明出题人为了增加题目的难度,多增加了3个无关的选项来迷惑考生。
特征二:题目顺序与文章段落的顺序不一致
这个特征是完全符合常理的,如果题目所给段意与文章段落顺序一致的话,考生基本不用花费多少精力就可以把题目做对,因为只需要按照顺序把非段意的选项排除,其他选项按照段落顺序对号入座就可以了。
特征三:错误选项迷惑考生
在讲这一点特征之前,我们必须要明白英语学术写作的一个非常重要的特点——“总分总”结构。在一篇英文文章中,段话一般会告诉大家这篇文章的主题,中间的主体段落一般是对文章主题作详细论述,后一段话一般是对整个文章主题的总结。这是文章的整体结构。而对于段落而言,80%的段落也会是“总分总”的结构,或者是“总分”的结构。也就是说:80%的英文段落开头会出现中心句,中心句是对这段话段意的概述。
当我们了解了这个特征之后,段落大意题一下就变得很简单了,因为段落大意是对段落所表达意思的总结,中心句也是对段落所表达意思的总结,所以段落大意与段落中的中心句之间,意思应该是相近的,我们就可以利用中心句的意思来找到某一段所对应的段意。
如果一段话有中心句,中心句一般放在该段的首2句中,本段所对应的段意与中心句意思基本一致,可以理解为段意是对该段中心句“意同形不同”的改写,而要想实现“意同形不同”的改写,的方式就是利用“同义词转换”,所以对于某一段段意来说,有一个非常明显的特征就是:与该段中心句之间存在同义词转换的现象。例如下面几个例子:
剑桥真题7-Test 1的第二篇文章
G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) - almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980.
这段话的句话是非常明显的中心句,而与之相对应的段意是“ii An explanation for reduced water use”, 段意中“explanation”与段落中的“explain”词性转换;“reduced water use”对应段落中的“remarkable turn of events” (“events”指的是F段中所提及的“And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.”)。
第二个例子:
H On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.
这段话第二句的个词是“but”, 标志此句是这段话的中心句,而它在“List of Headings”中的对应选项是“x The need to raise standards”, 段意中“need”对应该文章段落中的“must”, “raise standards”与段落中的“higher specifications”是同义转换。
出题人所加入的错误选项也有一些特征,个特征是:与文章相似度极高,第二个特征是:抽取段落当中的一些细节或例子。例如:
剑桥真题7- Test 1的第二篇文章
“iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse”与D段中的“Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity.” 相对应,但这句话在文章当中仅仅只是一个例子。
希望大家在看过广州朗阁海外考试研究中心老师们的分析之后在复习雅思阅读考试的时候,能够更好的提高自己!后广州朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师祝各位考试取得好成绩!
广州朗阁海外考试研究中心
《孙子·谋攻篇》中说:“知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼,不知己,每战必殆。”对于雅思考试亦是同样的道理,先了解自己的水平,再了解雅思考试所选用文章的特点以及每一种题型的特点,那么在雅思考试中取得高分就是唾手可得的事情了。下面来看广州朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家是怎么样分析雅思考题的特征的,本文将重点分析段落大意题。
段落大意题也叫做“Heading”题,因为在题目中会出现“List of Heading”的字样。此题的特征如下:
特征一:题目出现形式
段落大意题如果在某一篇文章的考题中出现,一定会出现在文章之前,即所谓的“文章未现,段意先行”,这样的安排在于:让考生在读文章之前,通过对每段话段意的阅读,对整篇文章有一个大概的了解。下面看选自剑桥真题7-Test 1的第二篇文章的真题:
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Scientists' call for a revision of policy
ii An explanation for reduced water use
iii How a global challenge was met
iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse
V Environmental effects
vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements
vii The relevance to health
viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations
ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water
x The need to raise standards
xi A description of ancient water supplies
14 Paragraph A
Example Answer
Paragraph B iii
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
18 Paragraph F
19 Paragraph G
20 Paragraph H
大家会发现,文章中的段落序号是“A—H”共8个段落,可题目中却有从“i—xi”共11个段意,这说明出题人为了增加题目的难度,多增加了3个无关的选项来迷惑考生。
特征二:题目顺序与文章段落的顺序不一致
这个特征是完全符合常理的,如果题目所给段意与文章段落顺序一致的话,考生基本不用花费多少精力就可以把题目做对,因为只需要按照顺序把非段意的选项排除,其他选项按照段落顺序对号入座就可以了。
特征三:错误选项迷惑考生
在讲这一点特征之前,我们必须要明白英语学术写作的一个非常重要的特点——“总分总”结构。在一篇英文文章中,段话一般会告诉大家这篇文章的主题,中间的主体段落一般是对文章主题作详细论述,后一段话一般是对整个文章主题的总结。这是文章的整体结构。而对于段落而言,80%的段落也会是“总分总”的结构,或者是“总分”的结构。也就是说:80%的英文段落开头会出现中心句,中心句是对这段话段意的概述。
当我们了解了这个特征之后,段落大意题一下就变得很简单了,因为段落大意是对段落所表达意思的总结,中心句也是对段落所表达意思的总结,所以段落大意与段落中的中心句之间,意思应该是相近的,我们就可以利用中心句的意思来找到某一段所对应的段意。
如果一段话有中心句,中心句一般放在该段的首2句中,本段所对应的段意与中心句意思基本一致,可以理解为段意是对该段中心句“意同形不同”的改写,而要想实现“意同形不同”的改写,的方式就是利用“同义词转换”,所以对于某一段段意来说,有一个非常明显的特征就是:与该段中心句之间存在同义词转换的现象。例如下面几个例子:
剑桥真题7-Test 1的第二篇文章
G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) - almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980.
这段话的句话是非常明显的中心句,而与之相对应的段意是“ii An explanation for reduced water use”, 段意中“explanation”与段落中的“explain”词性转换;“reduced water use”对应段落中的“remarkable turn of events” (“events”指的是F段中所提及的“And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.”)。
第二个例子:
H On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.
这段话第二句的个词是“but”, 标志此句是这段话的中心句,而它在“List of Headings”中的对应选项是“x The need to raise standards”, 段意中“need”对应该文章段落中的“must”, “raise standards”与段落中的“higher specifications”是同义转换。
出题人所加入的错误选项也有一些特征,个特征是:与文章相似度极高,第二个特征是:抽取段落当中的一些细节或例子。例如:
剑桥真题7- Test 1的第二篇文章
“iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse”与D段中的“Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity.” 相对应,但这句话在文章当中仅仅只是一个例子。
希望大家在看过广州朗阁海外考试研究中心老师们的分析之后在复习雅思阅读考试的时候,能够更好的提高自己!后广州朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师祝各位考试取得好成绩!